Central Manchester has been permanently settled since this time. Following the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century, General Agricola ordered the construction of a fort named Mamucium in the year 79 to ensure that Roman interests in Deva Victrix ( Chester) and Eboracum ( York) were protected from the Brigantes. Their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. The Brigantes were the major Celtic tribe in what is now known as Northern England they had a stronghold in the locality at a sandstone outcrop on which Manchester Cathedral now stands, opposite the bank of the River Irwell. The suffix -chester is from Old English ceaster ('Roman fortification', itself a loanword from Latin castra code: lat promoted to code: la, 'fort fortified town'). Both usages are preserved in Insular Celtic languages, such as mam meaning 'breast' in Irish and 'mother' in Welsh. However, more recent work suggests that it could come from * mamma ('mother', in reference to a local river goddess). The generally accepted etymology of this name is that it comes from Brittonic * mamm- (' breast', in reference to a ' breast-like hill'). These names are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name. The name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium code: lat promoted to code: la or its variant Mancunio code: lat promoted to code: la and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians ( / m æ n ˈ k juː n i ə n/). It joins the M62 to the northeast and the M602 to the west as well as the East Lancashire Road and A6 among other A-roads.

This urban area is cutoff by the M60 aka the Manchester Outer Ring Road which runs in a circular around the city and these areas. The city is also contigious with Salford and its borough but is seperated from it by the River Irwell. The city has a large urban sprawl which forms from the city centre into the other neighboring authorities which include The Four Heatons, Failsworth, Prestwich, Stretford, Sale, Droylsden, Old Trafford and Reddish. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill developed the world's first stored-program computer in 1948, and Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov isolated the first graphene in 2004. At the University of Manchester, Ernest Rutherford first split the atom in 1917, Frederic C.

Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the world's first inter-city passenger railway station. The city is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Following considerable redevelopment, Manchester was the host city for the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Its fortune declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation, and the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and linking the city to the Irish Sea, 36 miles (58 km) to the west. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township, but began to expand 'at an astonishing rate' around the turn of the 19th century. Historically part of Lancashire, areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated into Manchester in the 20th century, including Wythenshawe in 1931. The history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort ( castra) of Mamucium or Mancunium, established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell. The city borders the boroughs of Trafford, Stockport, Tameside, Oldham, Rochdale, Bury and Salford. The two cities and the surrounding towns form one of the United Kingdom's most populous conurbations, the Greater Manchester Built-up Area, which has a population of 2.87 million. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. It had a population of 552,000 in the 2021 United Kingdom census. Manchester ( / ˈ m æ n tʃ ɪ s t ər, - tʃ ɛ s-/) is a city in Greater Manchester, England. Manchester Cathedral, a grade I listed building which is the Anglican cathedral and parish church of Manchester and the mother church of the Diocese of Manchester

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